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The concentration of pH ranged from 6. The production performance is a major parameter in the production of aquaculture biota that can indicate production success Based on Table 1 , it can be seen that the production performance of the eel A. In general, this study shows better results than the previous studies about the use of water volume of culture media, individual growth rate, and biomass of the eel A.

Meanwhile, the eel A. The results of this study are also better when compared to the cultivation of A. Besides, the growth in this study is higher than that of the eel A. In the European eel A. Meanwhile, WCD illustrates the level of weight diversity at the end of the rearing period.

The higher the WCD value, the smaller the level of weight uniformity will be. The highest WCD in this study was found in treatment B with OCR functions as an indicator to determine the metabolic rate of fish The lower the TKO rate, the less energy used for metabolism that more energy available for growth.

The results showed that OCR ranged from 0. The values are lower than those of the previous studies with 0. It implies that the water level in the treatment is still within normal limits to support SR and the growth of the fish. In terms of water use efficiency, the lowest water level is the most efficient treatment in using water for the cultivation of the eel A.

Blood biochemistry is a secondary response of fish to environmental changes and pathogenic infections that cause fish to be in a stressful state due to the release of several stress hormones This secondary response is also characterized by changes in blood and tissue biochemistry, such as the increase of blood glucose 45 , It eventually results in a large amount of energy used by fish to adapt to the conditions Apart from blood glucose, biochemistry changes in the blood are also used in evaluating the health or stress condition of fish 48 , 49 , In general, the blood biochemistry responses are still in normal conditions no stress.

Several previous studies also showed various BG between The TP value in this study ranged from 3. This value was lower than that before the treatments. The TP value in this study does not show a big difference from the values of other studies that ranged from 3. Besides, this value is much lower than the values of other species, such as A. The SGPT values are influenced by fish species BUN and creatinine are indicators for kidney organ damage. The increase of BUN indicates the declining ability of the kidneys to excrete urea in the blood.

It is also in line with the creatinine; the increase of the creatinine signifies damage to the kidney organs Other studies show somewhat similar results, for example Clarias gariepinus with 0. The SGOT value after the treatments was lower than that before the treatments. The highest ALP value was found in treatment C with a value of The lowest ALP value was found in treatment A, which was This value showed a decrease in treatment A and an increase in other treatments as compared to that before the treatments.

In another study investigating the species of A. The ALP value also varies in the A. The hematology is a significant indicator in aquaculture as it can provide an evaluation of the health status of fish due to changes in nutrition, water quality, and disease; besides, it can be done in a non-lethal way 54 , These responses were still in normal conditions no stress. The normal RBCs values are in the range of 1. Other studies also showed an increase of the RBCs values with 1.

WBCs have been used in the clinical evaluation of stress and fish disease In this study, the number of WBCs showed a decline in the amount of 9. However, this decline is still within the normal range. The normal SDP of fish is in the range between 3. The decrease in WBCs was also reported at the level of 8.

The low number of WBC implies that the fish are healthy and have a good immune response 73 , Hb functions as an indicator that shows the blood ability to carry oxygen The values of Hb in this study ranged from 8. Meanwhile, He is the ratio between RBCs volume and total blood volume The highest value was found in treatment D with This result was similar to that of treatment B, but different from those of treatment A and C.

The lowest He value was in treatment C that was In general, the He value in this study is still in the normal range. Leukocyte differentiation which includes monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils is a derivative of WBCs The comparison among monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes has been an excellent indicator for measuring the stress level of fish In this study, the monocytes of the initial conditions before the treatments were After the treatments, the monocytes increased by The monocytes showed a very low percentage; it is in line with The lymphocytes in the initial condition before the treatments was Then, it showed various results after the treatments ranging from The decrease of monocytes is due to the increase of lymphocytes produced by antibodies Similar to the lymphocytes, the neutrophils also showed the same response, in which it was low before the treatments began and increased as the treatments proceeded.

The results of the histological analysis showed that the eels reared at different water levels indicated several changes of their histological structure, which is gill and skin damage Fig.

Filament necrosis occurred in the gill organs for all treatments. The skin also experienced some erosion on its epidermis for all treatments. The changes in the histology structure that occurred were due to the fact that eels were in a very low water level, thus providing a moment for gills and skin to be in direct contact with air. This condition allows the uptake of air gases continuously and causes irritation to the gills and skin organs.

Changes in the histology structure did not significantly affect the production performance and health status of eels in all treatments.

Production performance escalated with increasing water level. Necrosis and hyperplasia also occurred in A. Changes in the histology structure also occur in several vital organs due to diseases and contaminants 20 , 84 , 85 , 86 , Erosion on its epidermis occurred because the skin was in direct contact with air continuously and caused the outer part of the skin to fade.

Changes in the histology structure of the skin did not have a negative effect on other parameters production performance and physiological responses , eels showed good production performance with undisturbed health status due to treatment. Eels are strong species and able to withstand extreme conditions, this is supported by a strong and thick skin structure It is capable to protect the body surface from chemical damage and infection of microorganisms 1 , 84 , 89 , 90 , The results of other studies also show the same symptoms, namely the thinning or erosion of epidermal cells due to pathogenic infections In general, the water quality parameters were still in the optimum range for all treatments.

The highest temperature concentration was found in treatment It was still in the normal conditions for the eel rearing. The concentration of pH during the study ranged from 6. The optimal pH range in the eel rearing ranges between 6 and 8 94 , 95 , The concentration of TAN in this study ranged between 0.

The concentration of nitrite in this study ranged from 0. Nitrite is less toxic than ammonia with a tolerance level of 0. The concentration of ammonia ranged from 0. Alkalinity ranged between The normal conditions of the water quality in this study were highly influenced by the use of a recirculation system. The recirculation system is an intensification of fish production by reusing the rearing water and processing the water to depurate it , , Water management is carried out by using filters to reduce fish culture waste and feed remains , Elver eels A.

The water level of 1. We ensured that the experiments followed the ethical guidelines of IPB University and confirmed that all experimental protocols were approved by IPB University. Arai, T. Year-round spawning by a tropical catadromous eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor. Google Scholar. Book Google Scholar. Tomiyama, T. Fisheris in Japan eel. Affandi, R. Strategi pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan sidat Anguilla spp.

Aoyama, J. Live history and evolution of migration in catadromous eels Genus Anguilla. Aquaculture BioSci Monogr 2 1 , 1—42 Hyde, D. Physiological consequences of prolonged aerial exposure in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata : Blood respiratory and acid-base status. B 5 , — Article Google Scholar. McArthur, C. Haematology of the New Zealand freshwater eels Anguilla australis schmidtii and A. Cao, Q. Physiological mechanism of osmoregulatory adaptation in anguillid eels.

Van Ginneken, V. The lipid composition and biochemistry of the migrating European eel Anguilla anguilla L. ABIO- Harianto, E. Growth performance of 7-g Anguilla bicolor bicolor at different density. Akuakultur Indones. Diansyah, S. Growth performance of 3-g Anguilla bicolor bicolor at different density. Scabra, A. Production performance of Anguilla bicolor bicolor with the addition of CaCO 3 into culture media.

Handajani, H. Evaluation of digestibility and ammonia excretion of fish meal and fish silage fed to juvenile Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor. AACL Bioflux 11 , — Anguilla japonica. In: J. Xie, V. Crespi, M. CD-ROM multilingual , Handoyo, B. Food Sec. Mordenti, O. Growth performances and natural diet of European eel Anguilla anguilla L. Methling, C. Pop up satellite tags impair swimming performance and energetics of the European eel Anguilla anguilla.

Pengembangan sumber daya ikan sidat Anguilla spp. Baskoro Eds. IPB Press, Usui, A. Eel culture. Production performance and physiology response of Anguilla bicolor bicolor rearing with a wet, damp and dry system. Iktiologi Indones. Taufiq-Spj, N.

The use of water exchange for feeding rate and growth promotion of shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor in recirculating water system. IOP Publishing Ltd. The use of different water volume to measure the growth and survival rates of Anguilla bicolor caught from Nusawungu riverines, Cilacap, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 13 , — Goddek, S. Aquaponics food production systems-combined aquaculture and hydroponic production technologies for the future Springer, Touliatos, D.

Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics. Food Energy Secur. Muller, A. Can soil-less crop production be a sustainable option for soil conservation and future agriculture. Land Use Policy. Delaide, B. Plant and fish production performance, nutrient mass balances, energy and water use of the PAFF Box, a small-scale aquaponic system.

Jeffs, A. Sea-cage culture of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii in New Zealand. Shelley, C. Mud crab aquaculture—A practical manual. Nutrient requirements of warmwater fishes. National Academy Science, Washington Blaxhall, P. Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood.

Fish Biol. Wedemeyer, G. A urine pH level test analyzes the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. Discover why it's important, what a normal urine pH level is, how to….

Foul-smelling urine is not a symptom or sign of cancer. It can, however, indicate other conditions, such as urinary tract infections or STIs. The idea that urine is sterile is a pervasive idea, but what does the research say?

Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Medically reviewed by Natalie Butler, R. What is pH? The pH scale ranges from 0 to Acidic water has a pH lower than 7. The most acidic substances have a pH of 0. Battery acid falls into this category. Alkaline water has a pH of 8 or above. The most alkaline substances, such as lye, have a pH of What pH is safe for drinking water?

What does a changing or unsafe pH mean? Common water pH levels. Type of water pH level Tap water Varies; typically about 7. Alkaline water: A new trend. Testing pH at home. The takeaway. Read this next. Alkaline Water: Benefits and Risks. Carbonated Sparkling Water: Good or Bad? What to Drink for Acid Reflux.

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